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Pragmatism

D. L. Murray · philosophical introduction, early 20th century·1 hrs in the original·original at gutenberg.org
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  • Pragmatism is not a revolt but an evolution: Murray shows that Pragmatism grew from converging lines of thought in science, Darwinian biology, internal crises in philosophy, and William James's new psychology, rather than being an American eccentricity or an emotional attack on reason.
  • James overturned Hume's atomism: By arguing that experience is originally a continuous stream in which relations are given just as directly as sensations, James dissolved the pseudo-problems that had paralysed philosophy for over a century, including the puzzles of causation, personal identity, and the unity of knowledge.
  • Truth is a validated claim, not a fixed correspondence: Murray systematically dismantles the correspondence, coherence, and intuitionist theories of truth, arguing that every judgment begins as a provisional truth-claim and earns the status of truth only by working successfully when applied to the real problem that prompted it.
  • Formal Logic collapses into verbalism: By abstracting thought from the thinker, the context, and the meaning intended, Formal Logic renders itself unable to distinguish true from false, exposes the syllogism as either a petitio principii or an infinite regress, and ends as a manipulation of empty verbal symbols irrelevant to actual scientific reasoning.
  • Humanism restores man to the centre: The book closes by extending Pragmatism into Schiller's Humanism, which holds that reality is always a purposive human selection, that the world is plastic and unfinished, and that accepting practical rather than absolute truth gives man both the right and the rational grounds to work toward genuine progress.
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Why it earns a slot

Written at the height of the Pragmatism controversy and prefaced by F.C.S. Schiller himself, Murray's book remains one of the clearest period introductions to the movement, tracing its roots from James's 1890 Principles of Psychology through the logical critiques of Sidgwick and Schiller to the full Humanist position, all in plain language that avoids both technical jargon and caricature.

Murray surveys the origins, arguments, and implications of Pragmatism, tracing how it emerged from new psychology, Darwinism, and dissatisfaction with both empiricism and apriorism. He argues that truth is not a static correspondence with reality but a claim that must be tested by its practical consequences in lived experience. The book concludes by widening Pragmatism into Humanism, the view that reality is always a human selection and that man has both the right and duty to remake his world through purposive action.

This distillation is written from the freely available original, which is always the better read when you have the time: gutenberg.org.

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